Explanation of Federalism

Introduction It is worth to note that federalism is a situation in politics where a group of people are bound together thanks to a covenant made between the group and their leader or a governing representative head (Kelemen, 2005; p. 57). This means that federalism is based on democratic rules as well organ of governing where power is shared. To analyze the concept of federalism, the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 will be used.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Explanation of Federalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The act was signed into law by former president of United States of America George W. Bush. The Act supports a standard-based education reform believing that when standards are set at a higher level while measurable goals are in place education outcome of public schools will improve (Weinstein, 2011; par 4). Roles of the three branches of federal government Based on the three branches of a federal government, the legislative branch is bestowed with the responsibility of making the law. The branch comprises of congress and senate. It is this branch that will make laws to ensure that the NO Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act is operational. It is also its responsibility to decide how the collected tax will be used. It is worth to note that the legislature will use various ways such as debates and gathering views of relevant stakeholders before deciding on the way forward. However, the laws once made are to be checked by the other branches of government, executive and judiciary. The executive which comprise of the president, the vice president, secretary of state, cabinet, executive departments and agencies take the responsibility of enforcing the law. It is this group that will ensure that the NO Child Left Behind (NCLB) is signed into law and implemented. Through the president and the department of finance and education suitable strategies are to be put in place to ensure that the A ct is realized. For instance, the department of finance in consultation with schools will derive a way in which funds are to be channeled to schools. Lastly the judiciary is another important branch in federalism (Cooper, 2006; p. 132). The main responsibility of this branch is to interpret the law. In situations where there will be legal issues pertaining the program, it will be the role of the judiciary to hear issues being raised by the various parties. Using its powers, it will then deliberate on the issue and make a ruling that is in accordance to the law of the land.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, the judiciary through the U.S Supreme Court adjudicates cases and controversies that pertains to the federal government, disputes between states, interpreting the constitution, declaring legislation or executive actions made at any level of the government unconstitutional as well as create precedent for future laws and decision (Mckevitt Lawton, 1994; p. 85). Education being an aspect that impact on the needs and aspiration of the locals, the state have to perform certain tasks and responsibilities which interact and intersect with the roles of the three branches of federal government (Weinstein, 2011; par. 2). The state can control education through passage of statutes only if it has plenary powers. Additionally, just like the legislative branch, the state legislature can create bodies to over-see education issues and give the body some of its powers (Fry Raadschelders, 2008; p. 211). It is also worth to note that the state government is given the responsibly of enforcing the laws passed by the legislative branch or regulations passed by other organs (Cooper, 2006; p. 124). However, it is important to remember that the state government can pass legislations with regards to the No Child is Left Behind provided the statutes are not in violation of the provisions of the U.S constitution. Allocation of money In a federal government funds or money are allocated through fiscal federalism which refers to allocation of money collected through tax as well as expenditure responsibilities between the relevant levels of government. Usually money is allocated to the following; the federal, state and the local government (Fry Raadschelders, 2008; p. 257). Ideally the federal government shares the revenue with both the states and the local governments. The premise of doing this is to eliminate the enormous negative effects of centralism which is not compatible with the provisions of federalism which calls for diffusion of powers which is aimed at accelerating growth economically. Additionally, the guiding principle is that decentralization of spending responsibilities will not only lower levels of governance but also ensure that there is improved and efficient allocation of federal (Kelemen, 2005; p. 29).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Explanation of Federalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Improving administration of the program To improve the administration of the program, No Child is Left Behind, there is need to call or invite all relevant stakeholders to air their views on the current challenges facing the administration of the program. A long with these challenges, they opt to provide probable solutions. Based on this, there is need to have in place a subcommittee that will critically evaluate the implications of the solutions. After that a rough draft will then be made available for public scrutiny (Shafreitz Hyde, 2008; p.312). Once approved by the public, the same recommendations will be channeled to the legislature for preview which will then be passed to help realize the goals and objectives of the program. Conclusion The paper has critically analyzed federalism by evaluating the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. The roles of th e three branches of government, a strategy to improve administration of the program, the interaction and intersection of these roles and the roles of state government are also addressed. Bibliography Cooper, Phillip. Public law public administration. New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 2006. Fry, Brian Raadschelders, Jos. Mastering public administration from Max Weber to Dwight Waldo. New York: CQ Press, 2008. Kelemen, Daniel. Built to Last? The durability of EU federalism. Web. Mckevitt, David Lawton, Alan. Public sector management theory, critique and practice. London: Sage Publications Ltd, 1994.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shafreitz, Jay Hyde, Albert. Classics of public administration. New York: Wadsworth Publishing, 2008. Weinstein, Anna. Obama on No Child Left Behind. Retrieved from https://www.education.com/magazine/article/Obama_Child_Left_Behind/ This essay on Explanation of Federalism was written and submitted by user Valentin Sweeney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Evolution of Airpower Essays

Evolution of Airpower Essays Evolution of Airpower Essay Evolution of Airpower Essay The Wrights always intended that the airplane be a contribution to international communications, trade and goodwill, but in their first attempt to sell a plane, they looked to the US War Department (Futures 15). From 1905 to 1907, not a lot of headway was made with the US War Department but, in 1907, due to the interest in aviation by President Theodore Roosevelt, a foothold was gained with the establishment of an Aeronautical Division within the Signal Corps (16). After much skepticism from Brig General James Allen, the Armys chief signal officer, the Wright Brothers received acceptance of the Flyer from the US government on February 8, 1908. World War I In August of 1914, the major European powers went to war with rudimentary air services and embryonic aviation industries (Olsen 1). The role of the airplane was viewed to have a primary mission of reconnaissance and communications in support of the land and naval forces. Starting with the Battle of the Manner in September 1914, French aircraft were used for reconnaissance and played a key role in detecting the German armys turn to the northeast of Paris, which enabled the British and French to strike the Germans flank (Morrow Jar. ). Also, in August and September of 1914, Germany looked toward their ridged airships, the Zeppelins, for aerial bombardment missions and reconnaissance. This became a costly venture for them with the loss of four ships to enemy action (7). As the war trudged on in Europe, little progress was being made toward the development of a fighting air force in the of ground or naval forces. By the time U . S. Entered the war in April 1917, we were a bit behind in the power curve. With the help of our allies, who were much farther advanced in military aviation, we set out to drawing up plans for an air service that loud include fighting and bombing airplanes as well as observation planes and balloons (Manure v). Their contribution not only included technical data on new developments in aircraft and equipment, but also in how to use aviation in battle. The lessons learned from war included detailed tactics, techniques and procedures as well as concepts on the role of aviation in warfare and its use from a tactical and strategic perspective (v). By the wars end in November 1918, aviation in the U. S. Military and its Air Expeditionary Force (PEA) looked a lot different than it had four years earlier. Between the wars Upon the end of the War to end all wars, the United States withdrew into its previous posture of isolationism. However, this did not stop the debate on how to use the aviation arm of the military. One camp, led by General John J. Perishing, Commander in Chief of the PEA, held the position that aviation was to assist the ground forces. The other camp, led by Brig. General William Billy Mitchell, the top ranking air commander in the PEA, agreed that some aviation had to be assigned to support ground forces, but the main focus should be on a strategic role of attacking military and industrial targets behind enemy lines. Although the two camps did agree on some conceptual ideas such as Perishing supporting to some degree, strategic missions, he strongly disagreed with Mitchell desire to create an air force independent of the ground forces (ix). Not agreeing with your boss is not a new concept, especially in the military, but Billy Mitchell seemed to want to make an art form of it. Being a bit outspoken, he attacked the War and Navy Department for being insufficiently farsighted regarding airport (Malinger). He believed that surface fleets were obsolete and proved the point, to at least him, with the sinking of overall battleships during bombing test held in 1921 and 1923. His flamboyant actions, like his disregard for the rule of engagement in the sinking of the German battleship Stationeries (and the dropping of a bomb on the still churning spot were the ship slipped beneath the waves to add injury to insult) brought attention to his ultimate goal of an independent air force, but his inability to keep his mouth shut finally lead to his undoing. In September 1925, the US Navy dirigible Shenandoah (ZERO-I) crashed in a storm in Ohio, killing 14 of the crew. This event, on the heels of another aviation disaster when US Navy flying boat PIN No. Was lost at sea in the Pacific Ocean, incensed Mitchell and leads him to accuse senior leaders in the Navy and War Departments of incompetence, criminal negligence and almost treasonable administration of the National Defense. (Passion). For the War Department, this was the straw that broke the camels back and in October 1925 they began proceedings to court martial Mitchell, who was convicted but chose to resign his commission (Passion). From the perspective of some military historians, Mitchell was viewed not so such as a theorist, but as a prophet, promoter and martyr (Passion). One glaring example of this comes from Burke Davis, in his book, The Billy Mitchell Affair (New York: Random House, 1967) were he goes into some detail about Mitchell report of his visit to Hawaii in 1924 in which he predicts a future war with Japan that opened In looking at World War II, it is very easy to get deep into the weeds if you are not careful when discussing the evolution of airport. In the opening salvo, Adolph Hitler and Germany introduced the world to the concept and tactic of the Blitzkrieg or Lightning War when he invaded Poland in September 1939. This was a simple tactic that obeyed all of the principles of war while employing the following: armor concentrations, massive precise air support, paratroopers, radio, flexibility, initiative and surprise, simplicity, air superiority, and logistics (rollway). By taking advantage of the advances in technology and the complacency of its opponents, primarily the French who were ready to fight World War I again in a defensive conflict, the Germans were able to sweep through the continent of Europe leaving only Great Britain standing in the way of completing the conquest of their enemies to the west. Being that Great Britain is an island, Hitters next task was to get his forces over there to complete the Job and then he could give his undivided attention to the Russians in the east. Dodo this he would have to make an amphibious assault on the British Isles (code name Sea-lion) and this could not be done without the control of the English Channel and the naturalization of the Royal Navy. In order to complete this task, the Luftwaffe would have to maintain air superiority over the Channel and abstinently the skies over Great Britain. On July 10, 1940 the Luftwaffe plan was to gain control of the Straits of Dover by luring out the RAFF into a full scale battle, thus beginning the Battle of Britain. Ultimately, this plan was destined to fail primarily for the following reasons: (1) The Germans fought too far away from their bases so that refueling and rearming were impossible. The German fighters had a very limited time which they could spend over Britain before their fuel got too low; (2) British fighters could land, refuel and rearm and be in the air again very quickly; (3) The change of targets was crucial. It is now believed that Fighter Command was perhaps only 24 hours away from defeat when the attack on the cities occurred. The breathing space this gave Fighter Command was crucial; (4) The Hurricane and Spitfire were exceptional planes capable of taking on the might of the Luftwaffe (historiographers). The factors provided above combined with a bit too much bravado on Herman Gorings part, believing that air power alone could blast England out of the war, forced Hitler to postpone indefinitely the invasion of Britain though the night time raids continued Bobolinks 84). Up until this point, the United States had not been officially involved in World War II but all of that was about to change. On December 7, 1941, a Japanese naval task force launched a surprise aerial assault on the U. S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor and on AAU in the Hawaiian Islands. From a one standpoint this was a rather bold and risky move. Japan successfully moved its task force composed of six aircraft carriers and their support vessels, 3,400 miles across the northern Pacific without discovery or major loss (Chambers). The main idea of this attack was to perform a preemptive strike against the US Fleet, thus vying Japan time to fortify their newly conquered territories. Many military experts believed that an aerial attack on naval forces moored in Pearl Harbor was a non- issue. They believed that the shallow depth of the harbor would prevent a successful torpedo attack and that their primary concern for the forces located on AAU should be focused on sabotage. The experts failed to realize what a little ingenuity could do. Torpedoes thus causing them to run shallower and reach their targets. Tactically, for Japan, the attack was a complete success, but it ultimately failed in its goal of estranging the US Navy in the Pacific. Although the battleships were damaged, failure to destroy the repair yards, the fuel reserves and the submarine bases enabled the remainder of the fleet, which included the aircraft carriers that were out to sea at the time of the attack, to continue to operate and play a major role in the Pacific theater. As you continue to look at World War II in general, it can be said that this was the worlds introduction to strategic air warfare. In the past, civilians had the luxury of viewing war from a distance if they didnt find themselves in the path of the combatants. During World War l, Germany was spared the repercussions of mass bombings due to the Armistice being signed before the concept was truly grasped. In World War II, this was not the case. To quote Gene Carl Sparta, who commanded the US Strategic Air Forces (STAFF) in Europe and the US Army Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, one may argue the exact degree of contribution made by strategic bombing to the final decision; He war against Germany was fundamentally an infantry war supported by air power, much as the war against Japan was fundamentally a naval war supported by air (Futures 147). With that being said, you still cannot discount the contribution of airport and the implementation of its theories in the realm of warfare. In the time frame that encompassed World War II, we saw a monumental shift in the way future wars would be conducted to include the use of strategic bombardment, the introduction of Jet powered aircraft and ballistic rockets and the beginning of the atomic age. Basically, the Genie was out of the bottle. Old war With the Allied victory in World War II came a brand new series of problems that needed to be dealt with. We first had to figure out how we were going to dealing with our former enemies and rebuilding Europe and Japan. This was not going to be done without a great deal of planning and compromise. The problem here is you cant always be sure of the ulterior motives of the folks youre working with (even if it was really obvious to some, I. E. General George Patton). Post-war Germany, was divided into four parts, one sector or zone for each of the major partners (United States, Great Britain, France, and the Soviet Union). This also included the same division of the German capital of Berlin even though it was located in the Soviet sector. All of this was spelled out in the Marshal Plan, the road map to European recovery. The problem here was the ulterior motives I mentioned earlier. For the French, they wanted assurances that they would be able to retain their territories in French Indochina (Vietnam) in order for them to approve the plan. This compromise was made, even though we alienated an ally in Ho Chi Min, who helped us in our fight against Japan. As for the Soviet Union, they had no intention of giving back territory they acquired when they pushed German forces back to Berlin. Two times of note hat Russia had been invaded from the west (Napoleon and Hitler) and they were well aware of the strategic advantage that a buffer zone and the Russian winter gave them against invading armies. At the wars end, popular opinion was not going to support a new war against the Soviet Union to get them out of Eastern Europe and thus began the Cold War and the development of a new policy of Containment to implementation of the United States policy of Containment. On September 18, 1947 the National Security Act of 1947 created the United States Air Force as its own branch of the United States Department of Defense. From 1948 with the Soviet blockade of Berlin to 1989 with the tearing down of the Berlin Wall which marked the end of the Warsaw Pact and set the stage for the breakup of the Soviet Union itself a few years later, our country will has been tested many times (Korea, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Grenade, Panama Just to name a few). The technological advancements in aircraft during the Cold War were vital to our success against a foe whose strategy, in our opinion, was that of quantity of quality. I know that I am skipping over the nuclear capabilities, but with our policy of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), for the purpose here, that is a wash. This now brings us to the Air War in the Persian Gulf. In many ways Desert Storm was a pivotal moment in the application of air power. Our forces were used in multiple ways, sometimes like a scalpel with precision strikes using precision guided munitions (pegs) to like a sledge hammer with the standard dumb bombs dropped on aircraft hangers and runways. In addition, with the introduction of stealth aircraft made it a less daunting task to infiltrate the Iraqi air defenses, leaving them deaf, dumb and blind. The paid collapse of the Iraqi army before Coalition ground forces was in great part due to the collapse of its morale in the face of the massive bombing of its units(Murray 1).

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Company Law - Essay Example In the given problem, though, the place of incorporation of â€Å"Beauty Care Ltd or BCL â€Å"is not given, it is assumed that it has been incorporated in a valid jurisdiction. Hence, it is assumed that it is not a private company incorporated in Hong Kong and a company registered elsewhere, which is suitable for listing in Hong Kong. It should have a past trading record in the last three financial years and its net profit after taxes but before dividend should not be lesser than HK $ 20,00,0000 and in respect of the last two financial years, it should not be lesser than HK$ 30, 00,000. In the last three financial years, a minimum of HK$50 million should have been reported as profit. At least twenty five percent of minimum paid-up capital should be controlled by at least not less than one thousand public shareholders. It is to be observed that above mentioned minimum number of public shareholders shall exclude any employee holdings of the company. However, up to five percent holdings held by employees is permitted to comprise of the twenty-five percent public shareholding spread. By the introduction listing of securities already issued where no marketing arrangements are needed since the securities for which listing is sought are already of such an amount and so widely held that there is enough marketability. Beauty Care Limited (BCL) has to submit an application for listing its shares and it has to go through the formalities of the dual vetting and filing process by both the SFC and HKSE. However, in case if the application is made to HKSE only, then it will forward a copy to SFC. Further, HKSE will be the front-end communicator for the purpose of listing. (Soulier & Best 2005:200). Further, the listing document of an overseas issuer who wishes to have a primary listing in Hong Kong should furnish a summary of the specific regulatory statutory rules or otherwise of the overseas

MBTI Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MBTI - Personal Statement Example I have a good sense of responsibility whenever environment I am. I consider myself successful in the sense that I accomplish whatever goal I set. In terms of supervision, I can work under very minimum or no supervision at all. I possess a self-initiative and self-driven morale that keep me going and achieving my objectives. I am an optimistic self-reliant person who has good analytical and organizational skills. I am slow in thinking due to my perfectionist nature of doing things. I tend to waste time during preparations than focusing on time factor. My natural character of thinking rationally affects other decisions which are not meant to be thought in the same perspective of thinking. My sense of responsibility tends to differ at certain points and become a weakness because I prefer an impeccable work therefore tend to supervise others a lot to meet my demands. Through my strong attachment to my responsibility I tend to go berserk, through assumption of more responsibilities than I manage. My kind hearted nature, trying to help out with possible solutions to their approach to difficulties, some consider it as an interference to their rights and private life I would fit in a series of job description given my personality attributes and competence. My strong social and sense of judgment highly recommends for social and interactive jobs like Business Administrator and Sales Executive. Some other possible careers are; System Information Analyst, Internal Auditor, Manager at a customer service, and lastly as a Marketer. This test helps me identify strong points; preference of extrovert over introvert by 56%. Strong judgments over perceiving by 78% are qualities that boost my personality to work with others comfortably. On the other hand, this test helps me to know my non-redeeming qualities; I have a moderate preference of Intuition over sensing by 38% and moderate preference of thinking over feeling by 25%. (Jung’s & Briggs,

The Chicago Outfit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Chicago Outfit - Essay Example It has been alleged that the Chicago outfit, in its operations, have directly or indirectly been aided and abetted some legal structures of government. For instance, they were said to have been behind many electoral malpractices, particularly the 1960 elections into the office of president. The Chicago Outfit is also alleged of short-changing Hollywood by having power over the unions that direct the affairs of Hollywood. Perhaps the action which is most indicative of the political corruption that aided the rise of the syndicate is that which touches on the attempts allegedly made by the government of the United States to use them to scuttle the Cuban government led by Fidel Castro (Mallory, 2007). The government and her institutions seem to now know that they need to tighten things up a little bit. Thus, some years ago, precisely between 1999 and 2009, a number of crackdowns on members and associates of the Chicago Outfits took place. Many of them were prosecuted. Most of them were found guilty of atrocities like gambling, tax evasion, extortion, and above all, murder (Mallory, 2007). They were handed prison terms and some were even given life imprisonment. This crackdown has indicated the government’s readiness to find an end to the gang. Nonetheless, it doesn’t mean the Chicago Outfit still doesn’t have its way as organized crime by the Chicago Outfit is still a societal

Police Brutality: An introduction

Police Brutality: An introduction Police Brutality To serve and protect, is a common phrase that is used among police officers that defines their primary duty as a cop. What once was a powerful notion, has lost its meaning through time. Instead, its reputation is now riddled with cases involving what is known as police brutality along with memorable names such as Rodney King, Amadou Diallo, Sean Bell, Timothy Thomas, and Abner Louima just to name a few. The use of excessive force by the police is nothing new, and with so many cases out there, it is clear that to serve and protect does not exactly apply to all of law enforcement as it should. Through displays of racial profiling, over assertiveness of power, and overall bad attitude, some individual law enforcement officials have lost the trust and respect of society, making some people question how police brutality can be reduced. Police brutality is defined as a civil rights violation that occurs when a police officer acts with excessive force by using an amount of force with regard s to a civilian that is more than necessary (Police Brutality, 2008, para. 1). Although someone might argue that it is something that is over exaggerated, there has been proof through audio and videotape footages as well as eye witness accounts that such acts do exist. Take for instance, the infamous Rodney King beating, where George Holliday, a plumbing manager videotaped the scene of law enforcement officials kicking and beating King with metal batons from his bedroom apartment (Linder, 2001). Another example is the incident that occurred in Philadelphia, where a news helicopter videotaped four police officers beating three black men (Barker, 2008). Many will claim that police brutality doesnt exist because it is rarely caught on videotape or documented. But if its not a real problem, then why are there cases and studies done on police brutality? According to Carl Dix, a writer for Black Scholar, between January 1994 and August 1996, at least 100 people died at the hands of the NY PD (1997) . Also, in Chicago alone, there were over 37,000 police brutality complaints from 1984 to 1994 (Dix, 1997). In addition, according to Associated Press, a study done by the Justice Departments Bureau of Justice Statistics found that over 2,000 criminal suspects died in police custody over a three year period (2007, para. 1). After taking a look at the studies and cases reported on police brutality, one might ask, why do law enforcement officials commit acts of brutality? Are police officers overreacting when their authority is challenged such as the case involving Rodney King? Or could it be that in some of these cases they are just having a bad day and they are unable to separate their personal problems with their job? Although both of these answers might be true, a number of cases of police brutality have shown that racial profiling is also a reason why police brutality exists. Well known names such as Rodney King, Abner Louima, Timothy Thomas, Amadou Diallo, and Sean Bel l are a couple of examples where minorities were disrespected due to their race. Brutalities On August 9, 1997, Abner Louima, a Haitian immigrant was beaten and sodomized by Brooklyn cops (Roane, 2001). Abner Louima was arrested for interfering with law enforcement officials as they tried breaking up a feud between two women (Hinojosa, 1997). After Louima was put into the patrol car, the police officers began calling him racial names and beating him before taking him to the 70th precinct (Hinojosa, 1997). It was there at the station, that the horrific event took place. Louima was taken to the bathroom where police officers made him strip down and sodomized him with a plunger (Hinojosa, 1997). Amadou Diallo, an immigrant from Guinea, was a 22 year old man who made a living on the sidewalks of lower Manhattan selling random merchandise from a cart to people (Fritsch, 2000). On the night of February 4, 1999, Mr. Diallo was shot 19 times out of 41 bullets by four law enforcement officials as he stood unarmed on the stoop of his apartment building in which he shared with a frien d and his two cousins (Fritsch, 2000). Officer Carroll, one of the four police officers said that the reason they all shot at Mr. Diallo was because he was behaving suspiciously and that he fit the description of a serial rapist (Fritsch, 2000). Officer Carroll also mentioned under cross-examination that he could not see Mr. Diallo to determine his race (Fritsch, 2000). So inIn conclusion, in the dark of the night, Officer Carroll is not able to recognize Amadou Diallos race, but instead claims that he fit the description of a serial rapist. (Fritsch, 2000) Timothy Thomas was 19 years old when he was shot in an alley. On April 7, 2001, Officer Stephen Roach chased down Timothy Thomas for having 14 warrants on him (Larson, 2004). Officer Roach claimed that he shot Thomas because he thought he was reaching for a gun. (Larson, 2004). No gun was ever found on the body of Timothy Thomas (Larson, 2004). After the death of Timothy Thomas, information was found that revealed that his death was just another case of racial profiling. Prior to his death, Timothy Thomas was pulled over 11 times in no more than two months (Larson, 2004). He was cited 21 times, mostly for driving without a seat belt and for driving without a license (Larson, 2004). Although Timothy Thomas consistently broke the law, the question if racial profiling existed here was that why was Thomas being pulled over for not having a license (Larson, 2004)? How can a law enforcement official assume that someone is driving without a license? It was reasonable for Thomas to be pulled over for not wearing a seat belt because a police officer is able to notice that if they are looking closely, but it is impossible to detect if someone is driving without a license. (Larson, 2004) Sean Bell is another minority that was involved in a police brutality case where the color of his skin was a factor. On November 25, 2006, Sean Bell was killed outside of a Queens nightclub just hours before his wedding (Bells fiancà ©e, 2008). The Queens nightclub was at the time under investigation due to complaints of weapons, drugs, and prostitution (Bells fiancà ©e, 2008). The tragedy happened when Bell and his friends were leaving the nightclub. Believing that one of Sean Bells friends was going to grab a gun out of the car because an argument broke out, the detectives called for backup as Bell panicked and began to drive off (Bells fiancà ©e, 2008). 50 bullets were then shot at Bells car in what the NYPD called an act of self defense (Barker, 2008). In the end, no gun was ever found (Bells fiancà ©e, 2008). Michael Warren and Evelyn Warrens incident is no different from any other case involving racial profiling. Michael Warren and his wife Evelyn were beaten and arrested by law enforcement officials as they tried to stop the police officers from viciously assaulting a young black male (Arinde, 2007). Michael and his wife were charged with obstruction, disorderly conduct, and resisting arrest (Arinde, 2007). Not all cases involving police brutality has to do with racial profiling, but it is considered as the main reason why it exists though. Sometimes police officers will over assert their power due to their authoritative figure. It can be argued though that law enforcement officials will sometimes have to use excessive force just to protect themselves and their surroundings. The line is crossed though when the use of excessive force is used when no danger is present. Take for example the case of Audra Harmon, a 38 year old mom mother who was driving her kids children home from wrestling practice (Celizic, 2009). According to Mike Celizic, a contributor of TODAYShow.com, Audra Harmon was resting her hand on her cheek as she was driving (Celizic, 2009). Deputy Sean Andrews, who is now under internal investigations, pulled Harmon over thinking she was talking on her cell phone (Celizic, 2009). After Harmon tried proving to Andrews that she was not talking on her cell phone by letti ng him check her purse, Andrews cited her for speeding instead (Celizic, 2009). Audra Harmon was then put under arrest for getting out of her car because she wanted proof that she was speeding (Celizic, 2009). Deputy Sean Andrews then crossed the line when he dragged Harmon out of her vehicle and aswhile she was trying to talk to him,him; Andrews pulled out his Tasertaser and fired tasered Ms. Harmon in front of her children (Celizic, 2009). For every action, there is a reaction. As police brutality cases begin piling up, peoples views of law enforcement officials begin to change negatively. Police brutality can and has affected society in a number of different ways. It can reveal injustice in law enforcement. For every case that arises in which the police are found guilty of acting out what is deemed as brutality through the unnecessary use of excessive force, people begin to question if the law is really on their side when it comes to their rights. With so many cases where rights have been violated, is there really justice being executed behind the badge? In Audra Harmons case, where Deputy Sean Andrews yanked her out of her car and then shocked Harmon to her knees by a Tasertaser, a number of rights were violated (Celizic, 2009). Audra Harmon would then later file a civil suit against Deputy Sean Andrews for violating her Fourth and 14th Amendment rights which included unreasonable search and unauthorized use of excessive force (Celizic, 2009). In addition, this suit would also include emotional distress, false arrest, assault and battery and malicious prosecution (Celizic, 2009, para. 26). Police brutality can reveal societys racism. Each and every time a case becomes exposed to the public and race is undeniably a contributing factor, it further reminds society that we as a country still harbor a dirty little secret that has not been, and perhaps never will be completely erased . Timothy Thomas and Amadou Diallo were both two out of many cases where race p layed a vital role in police actions. Timothy Thomas prior to his death was being pulled over consistently for not driving without a license. How were law enforcement officials aware of Thomas not driving without a license? After receiving 14 warrants, Timothy Thomas would later be chased down and killed for supposedly pulling out a weapon Victims Amadou Diallo was shot at by 41 bullets and hit 19 times because he was behaving suspiciously and that he fit the description of a serial rapist (Fritsch, 2000). On the stoop of Mr. Diallos apartment building, in the dark of the night, Officer Carroll would later testify that he was not able to recognize Mr. Diallos race; only that he fit the description of a serial rapist (Fritsch, 2000). After the shooting of Amadou Diallo, over 300 people gathered to protest around the building where Mr. Diallo was shot at. Fourteen people were arrested there, while another fifteen protesters were arrested in Albany (Fritsch, 2000). Police brutality can lead to a loss of trust and respect for law enforcement officials while making society feel less safe. People begin to fear those who are supposed to protect us, while others protest in anger. Within 24 hours after Timothy Thomas was shot by Officer Roach, the African-American community exploded on the streets (Larson, 2004). Police officers ran th rough the streets, firing tear gas and rubber bullets to try to stop the riot (Larson, 2004). The shooting touched off three nights of unrest in which dozens of people were injured and more than 800 were arrested (Ohio Officer, 2001, para. 7). After the shooting of Amadou Diallo, over 300 people gathered to protest around the building where Mr. Diallo was shot at (Fritsch, 2000). Fourteen people were arrested there, while another fifteen protesters were arrested in Albany (Fritsch, 2000). Continuing their tradition sinceSince October 22, 1996, thousands of protesters have marched every year for the National Day of Protest to Stop Police Brutality, Repression, and the Criminalization of a Generation. From all across the United States, in cities such as Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Minneapolis, New York City, and Seattle, the coalition aim to fight against police brutality by marching in cities protesting (National day of protest, 2007). Henry David Thoreau once said, There are a thousa nd hacking at the branches of evil to one who is striking at the root (as cited in Herman, 2007, para. 1). The same principle can be applied to what Thoreau once said for how police brutality can be reduced. Many people have filed claims and lawsuits, but for some reason, this solution has not worked effectively in the past. On the other hand, some reports have not been filed due to a scare in retaliation (Police brutality facts, 2006). In New York, critics say that complaints against police brutality were down because people have given up (Lacayo Benson, 1997). And despite more than 16,000 complaints against New York cops since 1993, only 180 officers have been disciplined, most of them with just a lecture or the loss of a vacation day (Lacayo Benson, 1997, para. 2). So byBy what effective means is there to resolve police brutality? Some options are to police the police, where the local community should be able to have some oversight of the police. In addition, the local communit y as well as law enforcement officials must lose the us vs. them mentality. We should be working together to fight crime, not against each other. And if the local community isnt able to have some oversight of the police where they are able to monitor them; a higher authority must be set in place to be able to oversee the operations of law enforcement officials. A suggestion has also been made to hire more ethnic minorities (Policing the police, 1997). Whatever the remedy is, something has to give where it is written in stone that police brutality will not be tolerated. (Policing the police, 1997) Since the 1990s, several police departments that have had a reputation of having bad apples working in their department, have begun to show improvement (Lacayo Benson, 1997). Their solution to reduce the amount of police brutality cases was by providing effective police training, installing a higher authority, and developing better relations with the local community (Lacayo Benson, 1997). Not only has their solution eliminated the us vs. them mentality, but it also sent out a clear message that police brutality would not be tolerated. (Lacayo Benson, 1997) The Los Angeles Police Department has also shown effective progress in reducing police brutality by hiring more ethnic minorities (Lacayo Benson, 1997). Its percentage of white officers has decreased from 61.3% in March 91 to 50% in July 97, producing a rank and file less likely to see a minority community as a hostile planet (Lacayo Benson, 1997, para. 4). In addition, they have hired more female police officers with an increase of about 4% (Lacayo Benson, 1997). Studies have shown that female law enforcement officials are less prone to abusive behavior (Lacayo Benson, 1997). To top it all off, the city also swore in an African-American veteran of the police department as their new police chief (Lacayo Benson, 1997). Another solution to resolve the issue of police brutality was by taking a look at the civil ian Civilian review Review boardBoard. In short, a civilian review board allows civilians to have the power and the opportunity in reviewing investigations of complaints against law enforcement officials. Civilian review boards thus hold police officers accountable for police misconduct. The problem is when a civilian review board is made up of a majority of former members of law enforcement officials, prosecutors, and lawyers such as the one in New York (Lacayo Benson, 1997). The only way to resolve this issue would be to take out those who may be biased to the complaints. (Lacayo Benson, 1997) Law enforcement officials need to be held accountable for their actions just like ordinary citizens who break the law. They can only be held accountable by having public officials denouncing police brutality related incidents. It must not be covered up;. Putting putting a blanket over a problem will not make it the problem go away. Law enforcement officials have been known to cover up thei r tracks making it hard to document cases of police brutality. This is also known as the blue wall of silence. The blue wall of silence is defined as the secrecy of police officers who lie or look the other way to protect other police officers (Blue wall of silence, 2009, para. 1). The blue wall of silence enables cops to murder without being punished (Tatum, 2000). The blue wall of silence therefore not only prevents victims from getting justice, but it also destroys the image of law enforcement officials. The only way to break this blue wall of silence would be to appoint a higher authority to oversee the bad apples in the department. By covering up another law enforcements tracks, and looking the other way, police officers begin to lose the trust and respect of society. (Tatum, 2000) It has been made clear that there are many proposed solutions to stop police brutality. The answer then is to not just rely on only one remedy, but a combination of solutions to effectively reduce po lice brutality. All in all, police brutality must not be tolerated. Its reasonable to argue that in certain situations, cops will need to exercise the use of force to not only protect them, but to also protect their surroundings. However, it becomes a real problem that begs a real solution when they go beyond the badge and execute their authority in rogue manner, putting them above the law. Police brutality is a problem that still exists and will exist until an effective solution is implemented and the police are strictly held accountable for their actions. Until then, more and more people will continue to lose their trust and respect for the men in blue while many others will continue to be victimized.

Relationship Essay -- science

Relationship The relationship between men and women has always been complicated and sometimes even a really loving relationship cannot survive if people chose their personal longing as a priority. No matter how strong are the values of a man or a woman they should never forget about feelings and happiness that are nowhere else to be found but in the heart of the beloved person. Men and women fight in relationships: fight for more independence, fight to prove their rightness and keep forgetting that love is not a fight but a â€Å"mutual support alliance†. William Carlos Williams in his story â€Å"The Buffalos† gives an outstanding example of a relationship between a man and a woman. Francie in this story has a certain notion of what a relationship should be like. She seeks for being loved, unde...

Best Buy in China

Best Buy’s failure in China is another example of a slow, arrogant major international player that didn’t understand China. Their own explanation of why they failed: â€Å"China’s demand for low prices without regard for service,† is clearly a lame excuse. By Fang Yu, China Entrepreneur magazine Best Buy shut down their nine stores in China on February 22nd, and within 48 hours fell into an unprecedented credibility crisis. Customers rushed to Best Buy stores on hearing the news and were locked outside security doors.They finally broke through the doors and went into the shops, partly to seek refunds on the extended warranty policies they had purchased. Because of quarrels with staff over return policies, the Shanghai Municipal Government had to send police to maintain order. Best Buy, which has always boasted it was centered around consumers, never predicted it would withdraw from the Chinese market in such a disgraceful way. Best Buy China top executives said the business closed because their model did not adapt to the Chinese market.Best Buy China president David Sisson said, â€Å"I have never worked in such a price-sensitive market. † Best Buy shops within China were forced to close after a five year struggle Best Buy explains its failure with the excuse â€Å"Chinese consumers pursue low prices rather than services. † This excuse shows that Best Buy still does not understand why it failed. This excuse does not take into account that China’s spending power is the fastest growing in the world.Home appliance expert and director of the Pal consulting firm Luo Qingqi argues luxury brands now entering into Chinese second- and third-tier cities, and the purchasing power for luxury cars in Chinese inland is no worse than in the first-tier cities. Ding Jie, a global partner at the Roland Berger consulting firm, notes that there are foreign retailers running excellently China. Why not Best Buy? Slow and arrogant Denn is, who has worked for ten years selling audio products, worked as an employee at Best Buy until it shut its doors.After signing a compensation agreement, he began to seek a new job. He first came to a giant domestic chain giant to be interviewed, but he felt the treatment he received and business culture was too different from Best Buy, so he started looking for jobs at foreign retail enterprises. Dennis says the experience of working at Best Buy was profound and lasting. It’s difficult for him to adapt to the performance-oriented culture of domestic enterprises that stresses absolute obedience and brute execution.Instead, he has become used to Best Buy’s â€Å"people-centered† culture: trying to win returning customers and promotion opportunities based on giving good service. He also became used to the sound of the English name that the store provided him with. The employee culture of Best Buy, which is not based on sales volume, enables the store to be peacef ul, without a feeling of fierce competition between the sales staff. However, observers believe this unhurried attitude is exactly what drove Best Buy to become a loser in China’s fiercely competitive home appliance market, which is dominated by the retailers Suning Appliance and Gome.When Best Buy entered China, Suning Appliance chairman Zhang Jindong said his company would ignore Best Buy for the next five years. Gome founder Huang Guangyu also said Best Buy could not compete with Gome in China because Best Buy did not have a sense of where to put its stores. People who participated in the press conference announcing the acquisition of Five Star Appliance by Best Buy in 2006 remember that Five Star founder Wang Jianguo was excited to announce the establishment of 300 stores annually with the financial backing of Best Buy.However, this plan was quickly denied by Best Buy top executives. Wang and his team eventually left the company. In the United States, Best Buy defeated th e second-largest retailer Circuit City, which used a consignment model, similar to Gome and Suning in China. Best Buy then entered the Chinese market with the arrogance of a missionary, ignoring the gap between its own model and the Chinese market. In Best Buy stores, the aisles are clearly wider than in Suning and Gome, the shelves aren’t as crowded, and fewer brands and models are on display.Best Buy’ believes the space should be left for consumers rather than products. Suning Shanghai top executives pointed out North Americans prefer open and wide stores, and don’t require a wide range of product lines ranging from cheap and generic to expensive top quality brand names. Best Buy’s style is more suitable to North Americans emphasizing individual freedom, and China’s market is more similar to Japan’s. Insiders recalled Best Buy’s first China president Lu Weimin knew the local market very well.The Chinese-born American, who graduated from a special class of gifted teenagers of the University of Science and Technology of China, better understood the rules of China’s home appliance industry than his colleagues. Lu Weimin helped to bring about the acquisition of Five Star. This helped Best Buy become a major retailer. However, Best Buy still did not want to give up the business model it developed and was proud of, and dreamed of restructuring more home appliance retailers such as Five Star into the Best Buy fold.This resulted in a two-brand operation over the past five years, so that the Best Buy management team’s resources and focus were diluted. Five Star former top executives recalled Lu Weimin pushed Best Buy to expand. Lu chose several properties in Shanghai, but, following Best Buy’s management process, all matters related to store openings must be reported to Best Buy International. Best Buy’s competitors were opening a new store every four or five days. Faced with the slow proces s of opening new stores, Lu hoped he could use financial muscle to expand quickly.For instance, Best Buy bid for Shandong Sanlian Commercial, which in the end was acquired by Gome. Many foreign executives who are not familiar with the Chinese market have a hard time understanding the importance and feasibility of quickly opening stores. An investor said he had heard a foreign executive of a consumer goods company laugh at his Chinese colleagues, saying, â€Å"What? How dare they plan to open 200 stores a year! † In fact, these scoffers generally only ever come to Shanghai and Hong Kong and have no idea of the width of the Chinese market.Managed by Best Buy, Five Star has expanded slowly (the number of stores has only grown to more than 160 from nearly 140 in 2006). Lu left Best Buy in April 2007, after he was made a figurehead. He had worked there for more than ten years. When the news of the closure of Best Buy stores was released, a departed top executive pointed out that i f the failure was a result of a poor business model, why did the Xujiahui store in Shanghai become one of the world’s top 50 stores, with an operating revenue of RMB 500 million, becoming profitable in 2010? The Xujiahui store’s property costs were denominated in U. S. ollars, and were the highest in the Best Buy system. One of the reasons for the success of the store was that its site was chosen when Wang Jianguo served as Best Buy global vice president. The superior location of the Xujiahui store was envied by competitors. Following in Wang Jianguo’s shoes, Best Buy sent many executives to China, who were good at IT systems and background management processes, but did not have experience in selecting sites and opening stores in unfamiliar cities. â€Å"We can say they are outsiders! At the root, it was caused by the people factor. If they had different people, the results would have been different. Missing its chance After stumbling through the first three ye ars, Best Buy made some changes. In 2008, Best Buy started to speed up its expansion in China, opening in Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou and Beijing to lift the total number of stores to nine. This change was rooted in a shift in government policy. In September 2008, the Ministry of Commerce issued a document shifting the approval process for foreign retail stores from the national to the provincial level. Best Buy, which had a good relationship with the Shanghai government, quickly opened more stores in Shanghai to consolidate its base.But compared with another retail giant, Wal-Mart, Best Buy again did not correctly understand the policy direction of the Chinese market. Wal-Mart quickly established wholly-owned companies (with taxes going to local authorities) in more than ten provinces in China, and quickly opened more than 30 stores in China in the first half of 2009, mainly in second- and third-tier cities. The new regulations of the Ministry of Commerce were intended to help forei gn retailers make investments in China. The Shanghai market, where land is expensive, ended up putting a lot of pressure on Best Buy.At that time, Suning only allocated 10% of its planned stores to central Shanghai and focused on opening stores in the suburbs, but Best Buy was making efforts to squeeze into the core business district, which was already full of the rival stores. The result was that the number of Best Buy stores grew, but diminishing returns did not cover the operating costs. David Sisson hinted at this when he explained that he shut down all of the stores in China because â€Å"the costs needed to keep one or two stores open are actually are almost the same as the cost needed to keep nine stores open. Best Buy missed its window for rapid development, and perhaps had no time to think about how to enter more deeply into the Chinese market because it was struggling with strong competition and high land prices in first-tier cities like Shanghai. Best Buy top executives were aware of the problems with the company’s expansion. Under pressure to make profits in 2010 (the 2010 third-quarter fiscal report shows Best Buy same-store sales fell 5%), Best Buy first adjusted the company’s global management structure.Best Buy global vice president and Five Star CEO Wang Jian told China Entrepreneur, â€Å"In 2010, Best Buy adjusted the organizational structure and set up the America region, Asia region and Europe region. One major reason for the adjustment is that Best Buy wanted to give full authority to enable it to be more localized in operation and development. † At that time, Best Buy’s attitude to Five Star changed. Best Buy encouraged Five Star to â€Å"open as many as stores as possible,† but Five Star also faced the problem of lagging development.When Suning and Gome completed setting up in first- and second-tier cities and started planning to enter into third- and fourth-tier cities, Five Star was still only opera ting in limited areas and never opened stores in Shanghai. In Best Buy’s last days, the low-price commitment could be seen everywhere, and even the consumers could feel the change. Claire, a loyal Best Buy customer who works at a foreign company in Shanghai, said, â€Å"Compared with the beginning, the number of salespeople in the store grew obviously. In the past, when you looked around by yourself in the store, no one would bother you. But at the end,] if you stood in front of an item for a while, a salesperson would come up to you. † Best Buy started taking the initiative to increase sales. Learning the wrong lesson After closing all of its China stores, Best Buy top executives said the lesson learned in the Chinese market is â€Å"price, price and price! † In the opinion of Best Buy top executives, Chinese consumers’ sensitivity to the price is so overwhelming that Best Buy’s â€Å"customer-centric† values were meaningless. However, Best Buy’s customer-centric philosophy and various design details were adapted by Gome and Suning, making Best Buy’s conclusion questionable.The Five Star top executive interviewed by this magazine said the Best Buy model uses its own staff, unlike stores using a consignment model. He gave an example. A 5,000-square meter store needs 260 staff, and in consignment stores, generally 200 come from the manufacturers. But Best Buy will not open a store until recruiting all 260 staff. Because of the emphasis on service, the training period for retail staff is longer, with a six-month to one-year training period for management. A shortage of talent was an important reason for Best Buy’s slow rate of opening stores.Home appliance expert Luo Qingqi believes Best Buy’s problem is not that is acted like a traditional retailer (as opposed to selling on consignment like Gome and Suning) but the product line. Products sold at Best Buy stores were mainly foreign. Chinese br ands such as Midea, which offers many popular product lines, did not appear on Best Buy’s shelves. Even the foreign brand Whirlpool cooperated more with Suning and Gome. â€Å"We are operating within the Chinese market and will notice which stores consumers like to visit, and use them as our main distribution channels,† said a Whirlpool employee.Ding Jie, a global partner of the Roland Berger consulting firm, believes Best Buys’ high operating costs were not its main problem, but rather that Best Buy cut itself off from the supply chain by refusing to adapt the consignment model. Ding Jie said most staff members at China’s consignment-based home appliance stores are employees of the manufacturers. â€Å"In China, consumers do not have strong core brand awareness, and the difference among home appliances is not big. Manufacturers focus on distribution channels that allow them to collect market information and determine market trends.Manufacturers and dist ributors cater to the needs of consumers with the collaboration of the entire industrial chain. † The Best Buy model serves consumers by being independent. But because there is no personalization and differentiation of products, it is bound to fail. According to Ding Jie, the main advantage of foreign retailers is their management model. But if they want to succeed in China, foreign retailers should let their local staff operate more freely and give them the power to adjust the business model. Many foreign retailers that failed in China might have succeeded if they empowered local staff.

Essay about Emily DIckinson

Essay about Emily DIckinson Essay about Emily DIckinson Dickinson’s Idea on Nature of Suffering and Death Many of Emily Dickinson’s works revolve around human emotion and the great detail of the process of death. The abundance use of death or suffering symbolism takes the focus out of the present reality of the human life. However, the importance of Dickinson’s works consists of the nature of suffering and death and how both world, reality and eternal life, parallels each other for these subjects are uncontrollable by humans. Death is personified as a chauffeur or a gentleman in â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop For Death†. The speaker goes on a journey towards her final resting place willingly with death. Death â€Å"kindly† stops for her and as they slowly drive , the speaker has â€Å"put away† her â€Å"labor† and â€Å"leisure† for his â€Å"civility†. Death being described as â€Å"kind† suggests the unabashed feelings that the speaker holds towards him and her full compliance to leave behind her worldly life in realization that there is an eternal life. As a result of her willingness to let go and let nature or death take her away, she is able to rest at a peaceful place. After a long journey, Death has taken her to a â€Å"house† for her final stop instead of a remorse place like a graveyard. It also gives the impression that the speaker is comfortable with death and unafraid. This cause and effect implies that humans actions and reactions in the worldly life determines the wellness of the afterlife. It indicates that the resistance towards death is not going to do any justice for humans since it is relatively out of our control and death is a natural stage in the life cycle. Struggling against nature is an impossible battle to win because of our insignificance comparing to the great nature. In â€Å"The Bustle in a House†, the main focus is not on a personal death but on a death of a loved one. The speaker describes the situation and internal emotion when that loved one has passed away. Through the capitalization of certain words like â€Å"Bustle†, it signifies the commotion of the reaction of the speaker after the death. The melancholy tone is set by the third line with â€Å"solemnest of industries†, however, the spirit seems to be lifted up by the second stanza when the speaker decides to put the â€Å"love away† and it shall not be used again â€Å"until eternity†. The shift of tone and the optimism that arises to the speaker indicates the natural occurrence of brief suffering. The positive attitude that the speaker turns to in the second half portion of the poem shows the realization of the natural suffering that occurs in life is out of the human control and the speaker has accepted that fact by moving on. On the other side, Dickinson shows the opposite consequence in â€Å"I Heard a Fly Buzz- When I Died-†. The poem describes the outside scene an d atmosphere at the moment when someone dies. The speaker hears a fly â€Å"buzz† in the â€Å"stillness† of the room where her death lies. The buzzing of the fly is taunting and more prominent in the quietness of the room. The speaker is dying in the human world, but the fly represents the natural forces that appears during the time of death. It continues on with the description of the mourners and the room and as the speaker is ready to give up all her possessions: I willed my Keepsakes - Signed away What portion of me be Assignable - and then it was There interposed a Fly- The fly reappeared and intrudes the calm moments of the speaker. The caesura between the words signifies the interposition of the fly that cuts off the peaceful state of mind of the speaker giving up all her â€Å"keepsakes†. Not only the fly gets in between the speaker’s train of thoughts, but it also gets in between the speaker and â€Å"the light†. As the speaker moves closer towards â€Å"the light†, the dirty image of the fly taints and blocks the purity of the brightness of the light. In this case, the fly symbolizes the misery of human life that is keeping humans from the state of bright

Six Idioms with Dozen

Six Idioms with Dozen Six Idioms with Dozen Six Idioms with Dozen By Maeve Maddox The English word dozen comes from French douzaine, which in turn comes from Latin duodecim: â€Å"two plus ten.† It occurs in several English idioms. 1. cheaper by the dozen: costing less when bought in quantity. The expression appears on the Google Ngram Viewer in the 19th century, but its usage rises significantly beginning in 1942. The novel Cheaper By the Dozen by Frank Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey was published in 1948, and the popular movie version based on it (starring Clifton Webb and Myrna Loy) was released in 1950. 2. a baker’s dozen: thirteen instead of twelve In the Middle Ages, bakers were discouraged from cheating their customers by strict weights and measures laws. Lacking precise modern equipment, medieval bakers couldn’t be sure that every loaf that came out of their ovens would be identical in weight. To protect themselves from being fined, they threw in a little extra with each order. Two other expressions used to mean â€Å"thirteen† are devil’s dozen and long dozen. 3. by the dozen: in large quantities, not necessarily in units of 12. For example, the following headline uses the expression to mean â€Å"in large quantities: â€Å"Applications by the Dozen, as Anxious Seniors Hedge College Bets† 4. daily dozen: a short set of daily physical exercises, performed in sets of 12. The phrase originally referred to a set of 12 callisthenic exercises devised by Yale football coach Walter C. Camp (1859-1925). The Google Ngram Viewer shows the phrase peaking in 1928 and then dropping off. 5. to talk nineteen to the dozen: to talk endlessly or at great speed. The fast talker says nineteen words for every twelve that a person speaking at normal speed would say. Although not an idiom, a commonly heard expression is â€Å"the Dozens.† 6. the Dozens: a game of spoken words between two contestants in which participants insult each other until one gives up. The insults may refer to the other player’s intelligence, appearance, and character, or to family members, particularly the other person’s mother. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†Latin Words and Expressions: All You Need to KnowPreposition Review #1: Chance of vs. Chance for

European Union legislative process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

European Union legislative process - Essay Example The degree to which a certain association involves in the lawmaking procedure depends on the system employed in the legal process. This also depends on the legal base for the lawmaking proposal. The EU legislative procedure is an issue of concern because it lacks the basic essentials of openness and lucidity (G Bermann 2011, 45). This is because it offers inadequate time to the principle players to respond to agreements made by the EP and the EU Council. Therefore, Lisbon Treaty instituted the ordinary legislative procedure following the Article 289 of the EU employed a system of decision making process from all associate states in the establishment of the legislative process. EU Legislative Process The EU legislative process is ample because the introduction of the Lisbon Treaty offer two main decision making process for agreeing legislation. The entry of Lisbon Treaty led to the introduction of ordinary legislative procedure and distinct legislative procedures as the significant process through, which EU can make an effective decision power of the EP (T Christiansen and L Torbjorn 2007, p, 36). However, the ordinary legislative procedure became significant and it replaced the co-decision without amending its substance, but the Lisbon Treat extended this process to include varied areas of EU decision-making process. Although EU consist of 30 particular legislative procedure, which involves the council or EP who play varied roles in the legislative process, but most of them offer the qualified majority voting for the ordinary legislative procedure. ... OLP is the key legislative process through which directives and rules are implemented. This procedure is based on the 2parity principle and requires the EP and council to implement legislation jointly (G Papagian 2006, 123). The OLP is effective because it is used for agreeing legislation in many areas of union competence. This law requires the EP, council and the commission proposal to agree on the amendment before it becomes law. The First Reading by the European Parliament (EP) The EP adequately takes into considerations the legislative proposal first from the European Commission before making any decision. This is effectively made through delivering a position for various proposals made from the European Commission. The committee analyses any modifications that has been proposed to the commission and makes adjustments. The committee level discusses the proposal, which the EP considers as a plenary session. The parliament is invited to agree on the proposed amendments; thus making their stand on the commission’s proposal (D Judge and D Earnshaw 2008, 34). The simple voting majority is one way of adopting the amendments that have been proposed on the commission’s proposal. The Commission has powers of altering the legislative proposal thereby allowing it to incorporate into the EP amendments, which they feel can contribute to better improvements of the legislation. The First reading by the EU Council The EU Council also has to consider the modified legislative proposal of the EU Commission. The considerations usually take place in the majority groups whereby they make decisions and hand them to the sectoral meeting of the councils. In this case, the Council accepts the adjustment and they do not

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paraphrase - Essay Example The probe frequency for the routine measurements is 226 Hz and the tracking in the normal should be done at + 200 daPa which must be stopped once the peak is recorded. It is also suggested that a repetition of the test should be conducted in its entirety, if an unexpected result is obtained and the probe tip be cleaned after the completion of tympanometry. Though there is no consensus on standard normal values for middle ear pressure and admittance, a mean value of zero may be fixed for middle ear pressure and the range between 0.3 to 1.6 with a mean of 0.7 for middle ear admittance or compliance. Tympanometric measurements require the acoustic properties of the ear canal and the application of air pressure in tympanometry distinguish the carnal and middle ear components. The technical note also gives details about acoustic reflex measurements and, accordingly, there are facilities in impedance/admittance instruments to provide acoustic stimulus to the ear and to detect the associate d reflex. The reflex measurements are usually made at a pressure corresponding to the tympanometric peak. Tympanometers and other instruments are then applied to the evaluation of Eustachian tube function.